Lithium-ion batteries compose of metals including cobalt, nickel, lithium and manganese. At the end of life, the battery goes through the recycling process. This processed material is known as “black mass”, consisting of amounts of cobalt, nickel, lithium, and manganese. These precious metals can be extracted from the black mass and upcycled for new battery production.

This repurposing process includes the following:

• Separating and sorting of recoverable metal waste/scrap; and
• Uses a process to produce secondary raw materials (a form readily transformed into new raw materials) from through mechanical transformation processes
• The output produced by the end of this production process – black mass: a ready product to be up-cycled for industrial use